PubMed  In addition, post-capillary venules and veins belong to the ‘leaky’ part of the vascular tree of the brain and are in close proximity to the CSF58. Retrospective clinical data indicate that gentamicin can reduce mortality in listerial meningitis154. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Similar results were found in a Swiss study in patients of all ages115. J. Infect. & Zak, O. MenAfriVac (Serum Institute of India Pvt. Thus, an alternative approach might be to use anti-C5a antagonists that are more selective than eculizumab, which have been shown to inhibit the potentially harmful effects of N. meningitidis-induced C5a formation while preserving complement-mediated meningococcal killing via MAC93. Group B streptococcal vaccines in development are being designed for use in pregnant women to protect newborns through transplacental antibody transfer. 9, 254–263 (2010). N. Engl. After initiation of bacteraemia, the pathogens must evade opsonophagocytosis and/or membrane attack complex (MAC)-induced lysis. Seizures in adults with bacterial meningitis. However, in neonates with bacterial meningitis, CSF examination often does not show an increased leukocyte count121. Burki, T. Meningitis outbreak in Niger is an urgent warning. Engelen-Lee, J. Y., Brouwer, M. C., Aronica, E. & van de Beek, D. Pneumococcal meningitis: clinical–pathological correlations (meningene-path). Yaro, S. et al. & Ostergaard, C. Factors associated with the occurrence of hearing loss after pneumococcal meningitis. Bonten, M. J. et al. Africa is the region with the highest meningitis disease burden; before the introduction of a vaccine (Box 1), the estimated incidence of invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection was 46 per 100,000 population per year among children <5 years of age and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infection was 38 per 100,000 population per year; Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) infection was >1,000 per 100,000 per year among all ages during epidemics4. Nigrovic, L. E., Kuppermann, N., McAdam, A. J. 206, 1845–1852 (2009). The common goal of adjunctive therapies is to reduce inflammation-related neuronal death and brain damage. A review on host–pathogen interactions in bacterial meningitis. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be bactericidal and achieve adequate CSF levels. The germs usually spread & van de Beek, D. Effect of vaccines on bacterial meningitis worldwide. 5, 519 (2014). Biebl, A. et al. Medicine (Baltimore) 87, 185–192 (2008). N. meningitidis can directly bind to factor H (fH), which is the main regulator of alternative complement activation, through surface molecules, including fH-binding protein (fHbp), neisserial surface protein A (NspA) and porin B38,50. 73, 18–27 (2016). PubMed Central  Rec. van de Beek, D. et al. Intensive Care Med. This immune deficit might be owing to the virtual absence of soluble PRRs, such as complement proteins, which bind to the surface of pathogens and mark them for phagocytosis. Clin. In the past, Hib caused the majority of bacterial meningitis in children <12 months of age and approximately 50% of all Hib meningitis cases occurred in children <5 years of age13. Chewapreecha, C. et al. Bacterial induction of Snail1 contributes to blood–brain barrier disruption. Meningitis remains a major global public-health challenge. Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study [corrected]. Accordingly, S. pneumoniae-induced inflammation activation in vitro depends on the presence of NOD2 (but not NOD1)82. Invest. Nat. Cutting edge: recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. & Malley, R. Cerebrospinal latex agglutination fails to contribute to the microbiologic diagnosis of pretreated children with meningitis. PubMed  Med. Vaccine 31, 6168–6169 (2013). Lancet Infect. Otol. Furthermore, false-negative PCR results are uncommon (about 5% of cases)8. Group B streptococci possess many virulence factors that can promote bacterial interaction with the brain endothelium, including lipoteichoic acid, β-haemolysin, serine-rich repeat proteins and hypervirulent group B streptococcus adhesin laminin-binding protein (LMB), bacterial surface adhesin of group B streptococcus (BsaB), streptococcal fibronectin-binding protein A (SfbA) and the pilus tip protein PilA. In view of the changing epidemiology, uniform surveillance systems should be implemented in many countries to monitor the effect of conjugate vaccines on serotype incidences, including emerging strains that are not covered by current vaccines. & Engelhardt, B. Perivascular spaces and the two steps to neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the sensitivity of latex agglutination tests was shown to drop considerably in patients who had started treatment before undergoing lumbar puncture129. Dis. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness. In meningitis, prevention is crucial, as death or long-term disabling consequences are substantial in all settings, particularly in contexts in which patients have limited access to health care. Pediatr. Several guidelines recommend universal screening for rectovaginal colonization by group B streptococci in pregnant women at 35–37 weeks of gestation, with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for patients who test positive. As a result, bacterial fragments can accumulate within the CSF. Clin. Med. Dis. Wippel, C. et al. Adapted from Ref. Infect. However, animal studies addressing this topic are scarce. Rev. Cibrelus, L. et al. Fitch, M. T. & van de Beek, D. Emergency diagnosis and treatment of adult meningitis. Picard, C. et al. La meningitis viral es grave, pero rara vez es mortal en personas cuyo sistema inmunitario es normal. Case fatality rates for meningococcal meningitis are distinctly lower, in the range of 3–10% worldwide5,9. Gossger, N. et al. Although the vaccines were useful, their effectiveness among children <2 years of age was limited. J. Immunol. Immunizations, vaccines, and biologicals: meningococcal meningitis. J. Immunol. The vital functions of the patient should be evaluated and weighted with the degree of suspicion for bacterial meningitis. J. Exp. 9, e1003380 (2013). 209, 1781–1791 (2014). 371, 447–456 (2014). Mortal. Also, because the fluid around the skull may become blocked their heads may swell. Med. Microbiol. 170, 438–444 (2003). 4, 123ps5 (2012). 49, 270–273 (2007). 26, 282–288 (2013). Large case series of S. suis serotype 2 meningitis (and rarely infective endocarditis and septicaemia) were reported in Hong Kong, Thailand, China and Vietnam25. Attia, J., Hatala, R., Cook, D. J. Sci. Serogroup W meningitis outbreak at the subdistrict level, Burkina Faso, 2012. Dis. Se dan epidemias de meningitis en todo el mundo, especialmente en el África subsahariana. Although rarely fatal, this strain is commonly associated with bilateral permanent deafness. leptomeníngeas (pia - aracnoides) que envuelven tanto la médula espinal como el encéfalo. N. Engl. Symptoms of viral and bacterial meningitis in children are similar to . 209) and TRL9, respectively, whereas internalized peptidoglycan (PG) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) are recognized by NOD2. No significant difference was found between groups in bacteriological failures (none of the patients in both groups had persistent positive CSF cultures 6–40 days after starting therapy) or relapses (2 out of 496 patients (0.4%) in the 5-day group versus 0 out of 508 patients (0%) in the 10-day group (risk difference: −0.4 (95% CI: −0.15–0.96)); however, the sample sizes of aetiological subgroups were relatively small, so caution is advised when extrapolating these results. Vuong, J. et al. Dis. Wertheim, H. F. et al. Escherichia coli: an old friend with new tidings. Mylonakis, E., Hohmann, E. L. & Calderwood, S. B. The 10-valent and 13-valent formulations both include an antigen that targets serotype 1, a frequent cause of meningitis in many low-income and middle-income countries18. 189, 5327–5335 (2012). PLoS ONE 8, e82583 (2013). & Marriott, I. NOD2 mediates inflammatory responses of primary murine glia to Streptococcus pneumoniae. A review on the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Kasanmoentalib, E. S., Valls Seron, M., Morgan, B. P., Brouwer, M. C. & van de Beek, D. Adjuvant treatment with dexamethasone plus anti-C5 antibodies improves outcome of experimental pneumococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial. A surveillance study on bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1998–2007. Meningeal irritation manifests at physical examination as neck stiffness, the Kernig sign (painful knee extension after flexing the thigh with the hip and knee at 90° angles) and the Brudzinski sign (reactive hip and knee flexure when the neck is flexed)108. Psychiatry 78, 1092–1096 (2007). GSB, group B streptococcus; LM, Listeria monocytogenes; NM, Neisseria meningitidis. Pachter, J. S., de Vries, H. E. & Fabry, Z. Neurol. Now, most national immunization programmes for infants include a vaccine that provides coverage against Hib, rendering Hib-driven meningitis unusual in areas with high immunization coverage4. PubMed Central  Nat. It is a devastating disease and remains a major public health challenge. Survivors of bacterial meningitis are at high risk of cognitive impairment (reduced processing speed)175, which can be observed in approximately one-third of patients who have had pneumococcal or meningococcal meningitis177. Blood 102, 3702–3710 (2003). Lucas, M. J., Brouwer, M. C. & van de Beek, D. Neurological sequelae of bacterial meningitis. A measurement of CSF lactate concentration can be performed using a widely available, cheap and rapid diagnostic test that differentiates between bacterial and viral meningitis, although it has limited usefulness in patients who have been pre-treated with antibiotics before the lumbar puncture or with other CNS diseases in the differential diagnosis117,121. Grandgirard, D., Steiner, O., Tauber, M. G. & Leib, S. L. An infant mouse model of brain damage in pneumococcal meningitis. Opin. Bijlsma, M. W. et al. van de Beek, D., de Gans, J., Tunkel, A. R. & Wijdicks, E. F. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. Tunkel, A. R. et al. 1,4-8,31,46 In up to 30 percent of survivors, long-term neurologic sequelae . Changes in pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance after introduction of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine in the United States. CAS  Combined treatment with anti-C5 antibodies and dexamethasone has been reported to improve survival in severe experimental pneumococcal meningitis91. Slow initial β-lactam infusion and oral paracetamol to treat childhood bacterial meningitis: a randomised, controlled trial. Causes Several types of bacteria can cause meningitis. 1 . N. Engl. Clin. N. meningitidis strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin have been associated with increased risk of poor disease outcome in children with meningococcal meningitis152. Commun. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. La meningitis es la inflamación del tejido delgado que rodea el cerebro y la médula espinal, llamada meninge. These three parameters are individual predictors of bacterial meningitis120, and at least one was present in 96% of 1,268 patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis in a prospective cohort7. Some of the failed adjunctive treatments include therapeutic hypothermia, which resulted in increased mortality157, paracetamol, which did not lead to any improved outcomes158, and glycerol, which did not reduce or sometimes even increased death or neurological morbidity159,160. Meningitis caused by Escherichia coli producing TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase within an extensive outbreak in a neonatal ward: epidemiological investigation and characterization of the strain. Induced hypothermia in severe bacterial meningitis: a randomized clinical trial. Infect. Nature 502, 237–240 (2013). Karppinen, M. et al. Thwaites, G. E. et al. Med. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1986: report of a multistate surveillance study. Clin. Owens, T., Bechmann, I. Chem. Carousel with three slides shown at a time. Cerebral microcirculation shear stress levels determine Neisseria meningitidis attachment sites along the blood–brain barrier. Rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis: implications for treatment and measuring disease burden. Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the fluid and three membranes (meninges) protecting the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is an inflammation of the covering of the brain and spinal cord. Low shear stress has been determined to be paramount for the intimate contact between N. meningitidis and the host endothelial cells60. Ann. Rev. Portnoy, A. et al. Etiología de la meningitis bacteriana neonatal Los patógenos predominantes son Hasbun, R., Abrahams, J., Jekel, J. The molecular and cellular events underlying colonization and epithelial invasion have been reviewed in detail elsewhere34–37. Front. Nat. Dis. Meningeal and perivascular macrophages of the central nervous system play a protective role during bacterial meningitis. 24, 557–591 (2011). 48, 587–594 (2009). Effect of vaccine use on meningitis rates. PLoS Negl Trop. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The differential diagnosis includes brain abscess113, tuberculous meningitis, viral encephalitis or septic encephalopathy, as well as benign conditions such as aseptic (that is, non-bacterial) meningitis or sinus infection. This distribution pattern argues against a dominant role of direct bacterial-derived and host-derived toxin-induced cytotoxicity in meningitis-related brain damage. Penicillin resistance is also associated with decreased susceptibility to other antibiotics. Bacterial meningitis in the United States is now a disease predominantly of adults rather than of infants and young children, largely as a result of a 94 percent reduction in the number of cases of H. influenzaeMeningitis due to vaccine-related decline. Actualmente hay un ries-go peligrosamente elevado de que se pro-duzca una epidemia a gran escala debido a la meningitis C, que podría afectar a más de 34 millones de personas. Vaccine 33 (Suppl. Acta Neuropathol. van de Beek, D., Brouwer, M., Hasbun, R. et al. Yoshimura, A. et al. Los factores de riesgo incluyen: Consumo de alcohol Diabetes Neurological Diagnostic Tests and Procedures. Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges. 1.2. Global incidence of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: a systematic review. C-reactive protein and pro-calcitonin have been advocated as diagnostic serum markers, enabling differentiation between bacterial and viral meningitis117. Infect. 371, 1889–1899 (2014). Neutrophils are armed with a collection of chemical weapons, such as oxidants and proteases. Brouwer, M. C., van de Beek, D., Heckenberg, S. G., Spanjaard, L. & de Gans, J. Community-acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults. Lancet Infect. Among other aetiologies are group B streptococcus21, a leading cause of meningitis in infants <3 months of age, and Listeria monocytogenes22, which is most commonly seen in infants8. 39, 1267–1284 (2004). Similarly, S. pneumoniae has many surface proteins that interact with and deplete complement, as well as inhibit the complement cascade (Fig. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Thus, cranial imaging (by CT scan) might be indicated to rule out this possibility. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for individuals who have had close contact with patients with meningococcal meningitis or bacteraemia (for example, household members) immediately after exposure109,143. A review on the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. Cerebral infarction can also occur as a result of thrombosis, embolization or a combination of both106,107. 279, 36426–36432 (2004). 57, 247–253 (2013). Pediatr. volume 2, Article number: 16074 (2016) Hib and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine programmes have resulted in substantial drops in the rates of meningitis caused by the covered bacterial strains12,139 (Fig. ); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (U.K.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention (M.B. PubMed Central  In patients with clinical deterioration, serial CT scanning might show cortical and sylvian fissure effacement, compression of the ventricles and eventually obliteration of the basal cisterns. In the 1980s, studies on twins and adopted children showed that genetic factors are major determinants in the development of infectious diseases, including meningitis29,195. Hasbun, R. et al. Enter B and W: two new meningococcal vaccine programmes launched. Med. Doctors rely on multiple tests to diagnose meningitis, and the combination of test results and clinical characteristics indicates which further investigations will be appropriate. Thus, guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) recommend vancomycin and a third-generation cephalosporin as part of the initial treatment; however, in countries where the prevalence of cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcus is <1%, ceftriaxone alone is appropriate109,151. Servicio de Infectologia. Rupprecht, T. A. et al. 72, 362–368 (2016). La meningitis sigue siendo un gran problema mundial de salud pública. Invasive potential of nonencapsulated disease isolates of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Med. The introduction of a routine Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine programme has resulted in a rapid and substantial decline in the incidence of Hib infection in the susceptible childhood population. La meningitis neumocócica es causada por la bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (también llamada neumococo o S pneumoniae ). J. Neuropathol. Their interaction with surface-bound or intracellular PRRs that are expressed by immunocompetent cells can trigger the host immune response (Fig. J. Med. Clin. For instance, the same operon containing the gene (cylE) that encodes the β-haemolysin cytotoxin has been linked to the production of a carotenoid pigment that can detoxify reactive oxygen species, shielding the bacteria against several antimicrobial weapons of leukocytes. Introduccion: el Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) es una etiologia poco habitual de meningitis bacteriana a pesar de ser un germen que frecuentemente produce infecciones en otras localizaciones en la edad pediatrica. PLoS ONE 8, e65151 (2013). 29, 319–329 (2016). World Health Organization. Genetic variation in NFKBIE is associated with increased risk of pneumococcal meningitis in children. If allowed to progress, you can die from bacterial meningitis. To obtain Care Med. Feikin, D. R. et al. bacteriana es una de las patologías infecciosas más graves en pediatría. The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig's sign, Brudzinski's sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis. En los países de altos ingresos se encuentra La mayoría de los casos ocurren como casos únicos y aislados. La meningitis meningocócica es causada por la bacteria Neisseria meningitidis (también conocida como meningococo). Fischer, M. et al. Efficacy and safety of 5-day versus 10-day ceftriaxone regimens were compared in a multi-country randomized study involving 1,004 children with bacterial meningitis156. Lucas, M. J., Brouwer, M. C., van der Ende, A. Antigen and immunochromatographic tests provide tools for rapid identification of the pathogen8,109. Brouwer, M. C., McIntyre, P., Prasad, K. & van de Beek, D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. La meningitis es un proceso inflamatorio del espacio subaracnoideo y de las membranas. A decade of herd protection after introduction of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination. 14 Meningitis Prognosis Download PDF Copy By Dr. Ananya Mandal, MD Reviewed by April Cashin-Garbutt, MA (Editor) Meningitis, especially which is caused by bacteria, is a life threatening. Arch. Article  Woehrl, B. et al. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, bacterial meningitis remains one of the most widespread and lethal infectious diseases worldwide. Dis. 115, 2499–2507 (2005). By contrast, PspA can reduce C-reactive protein-mediated, complement factor C1q-dependent classical pathway of complement activation203. Most of these algorithms aim to discriminate bacterial from aseptic (viral) meningitis in paediatric populations118, and can be used in patients with suspected acute bacterial meningitis to determine whether a patient needs further diagnostic studies (for example, CSF analysis) or immediate therapy117. The decreasing proportion of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and, later, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and the increase in overall age of remaining cases show the effect of routine infant vaccination programmes. Involvement of the brain cortex and parenchyma, because of either direct inflammation or vascular complications, might result in behavioural changes, focal neurological abnormalities and impairment of consciousness1, which are typically considered symptoms of encephalitis. E. coli K1 binding to and invasion of the brain endothelium is thought to involve several bacterial proteins, including the type 1 fimbrial adhesion protein FimH, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), invasion of brain endothelial cell proteins (Ibe) and OmpA. Dis. Reducing intracranial pressure may increase survival among patients with bacterial meningitis. J. Med. Clinical features, outcome, and meningococcal genotype in 258 adults with meningococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study. 170, 959–969 (1989). Such heightened medical care can improve the outcome, but nevertheless a fulminant course might inevitably result in permanent damage or brain death. Microbiol. 54, 451–458 (2003). In addition, binding of IbeA and OmpA to their respective putative receptors, vimentin or polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated splicing factor (PSF; also known as SFPQ) and Ecgp96 (a β-form of the heat shock protein gp96 that is expressed on human brain-derived endothelial cells), can trigger the activation of RAC1, another member of the RHO GTPase family, thereby contributing to cytoskeletal rearrangements and bacterial internalization47,65,66. Liu, X., Chauhan, V. S., Young, A. Clin. van de Beek, D. & de Gans, J. Dexamethasone and pneumococcal meningitis. Diagn. J. Infect. As a consequence, when pathogens succeed in invading the CSF, they can grow efficiently and achieve a high population density within hours38. La meningitis bacteriana neonatal afecta a 2/10.000 recién nacidos de término y a 2/1.000 recién nacidos de bajo peso, y predomina en los varones. For example, the climate in Niger is dry, with an average yearly rainfall of 300 mm and a wintry warm, dry and dusty wind (the Harmattan). The high morbidity and mortality prompted the investigation of several adjunctive therapies in animal models38, which, unfortunately, have delivered poor performances in subsequent clinical trials so far, with the exception of steroids. Neutrophilic inflammation is a well-established contributor to meningitis-related tissue injury38. Infect. Google Scholar. The first generation of meningococcal, pneumococcal and Hib vaccines were made from purified capsular polysaccharides4. Clin. Kobayashi, M. et al. Experimental and genetic association studies have increased our knowledge about the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. Infect. Meningococcal vaccine campaigns are used to control disease outbreaks. A prospective nationwide study of 1,268 adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis in the Netherlands showed that classic features of meningitis, such as headache (83% of patients), neck stiffness (74%), fever (≥38 °C; 74%) and impairment of consciousness (defined as a score of <14 on the Glasgow Coma Scale; 71%), were present in a high proportion of patients7. Post-meningitis complications have a relevant economic burden on health care systems179–182. Outcome of fulminant bacterial meningitis in adult patients. By contrast, well-characterized animal models of S. pneumoniae, group B streptococci and E. coli meningitis are available that closely recapitulate human disease74. Koedel, U. et al. Indeed, long-lasting NF-κB activation is detectable in the brains of infected mice, especially in areas of heavy inflammation and along penetrating cortical vessels. B., Geldhoff, M., van der Poll, T. & van de Beek, D. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. Med. Normalmente, los síntomas se desaparecen entre 7 y 10 días y la persona se recupera completamente. Pathogens such as S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, group B streptococci and E. coli initially colonize epithelial surfaces either in the respiratory tract (S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis) or in the gastrointestinal or lower genital tract (group B streptococci and E. coli) before advancing to the bloodstream. Clin. La infección ocurre con mayor frecuencia en invierno o primavera. J. Immunol. Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of a highly lethal pneumococcal meningitis epidemic in Burkina Faso. Costerus, J. M., Brouwer, M. C., van der Ende, A. Randomized controlled trials are crucial to establish efficacy, safety and treatment modalities of new drugs against bacterial meningitis199. Wkly Rep. 64, 1256–1257 (2015). Klein, M., Koedel, U., Pfister, H. W. & Kastenbauer, S. Meningitis-associated hearing loss: protection by adjunctive antioxidant therapy. 16, 339–347 (2016). Protocolo de Vigilancia de Meningitis Bacteriana y Enfermedad Meningocócica 1 de 32 Protocolo de Vigilancia de Meningitis bacteriana y enfermedad meningocócica Código 535 Versión: 04 Fecha: 19 de abril de 2022 Grupo de enfermedades trasmisibles prevenibles por vacunación y relacionadas con la atención en salud transmisibles@ins.gov.co Este tipo de bacteria es la causa más común de meningitis bacteriana en los adultos. determinar la tendencia de la meningitis aguda bacteriana por agente infeccioso. Brouwer, M. C., van de Beek, D., Heckenberg, S. G., Spanjaard, L. & de Gans, J. Hyponatraemia in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. In patients with meningitis and hearing loss, obliteration of the cochlear lumen might follow the meningitis episode and has been associated with decreased success rates of cochlear implant surgery186. 141, 327 (2004). Infect. The 3 major pathogens in developed countries are: Group B streptococcus, gram negative rods and Lysteria monocytogenes. caracterizar el comportamiento de la meningitis aguda bacteriana y enfermedad meningocócica con respecto a las variables de tiempo, lugar y persona. Dis. Dis. Many organisms can cause meningitis including bacteria, viruses, fungi . Tuomanen, E., Tomasz, A., Hengstler, B. In a rat model of pneumococcal meningitis, depletion of meningeal and perivascular macrophages was associated with increased bacterial titres and decreased leukocyte counts in the CSF75. Both C-reactive protein and pro-calcitonin are acute-phase inflammation proteins that are stimulated by cytokines (for example, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor) that play an important part in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Latex agglutination testing in CSF has a widely varying reported sensitivity depending on the causative pathogen: for example, 59–100% and 22–93% for S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis, respectively8. Clin. Binding of S. pneumoniae to the vascular wall seems to activate the underlying endothelial cells, specifically increasing the amount of platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) on the endothelial surface205. AccessPharmacy is a subscription-based resource from McGraw Hill that features trusted pharmacy content from the best minds in the field. and JavaScript. PLoS ONE 7, e37618 (2012). Chapman, S. J. et al. Neurology 86, 860–866 (2016). PubMed Central  Postmortem diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease. Dis. 77), and might therefore detect pathogens within the CSF. Aerobic Gram-negative (for example, Escherichia coli) meningitis occurs especially in neonates, the elderly and debilitated or diabetic people8,24. Iovino, F., Brouwer, M. C., van de Beek, D., Molema, G. & Bijlsma, J. J. Signalling or binding: the role of the platelet-activating factor receptor in invasive pneumococcal disease. Croucher, N. J. et al. La Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), también conocida como meningococo, es un Diplococo Gram-negativo encapsulado, puede encontrarse intra o extracelularmente en la sangre en leucocitos polimorfonucleares. Dis. LMB, BsaB and SfbA function by associating with extracellular matrix components, such as fibronectin44,47,69, whereas PilA can bind to collagen, which promotes its interaction with endothelial α2β1-integrins. La más común es la meningitis viral, que ocurre cuando un virus penetra en su organismo a través de la nariz o la boca y se traslada al cerebro. Genet. Dis. PubMed  Glia 58, 839–847 (2010). Microbiol. JAMA 309, 1714–1721 (2013). According to these criteria, the prevalence of penicillin resistance was 9% in 2010 in Europe148,149 and 35% in 2012 and 2013 in the United States, where 21% of the cases had multidrug resistance (defined as resistance to at least two other classes of antibiotics besides penicillin)150. Intervals between PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Cellular damage in bacterial meningitis: an interplay of bacterial and host driven toxicity. Lancet 380, 1623–1624 (2012). Thus, early identification of hearing loss is crucial and screening is advised before discharging a patient. Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Carlin, A. F. et al. Lancet 380, 1703–1711 (2012). N. Engl. La meningitis viral comienza con síntomas típicos de una enfermedad viral, seguidos por cefalea, fiebre y rigidez de nuca, pero rara vez es tan grave como la meningitis bacteriana aguda. Lancet 361, 2139–2148 (2003). Alternative therapies are prescribed if there are contraindications to the recommended treatment. Viral meningitis is most common and the least serious. Genetic variation in the β2-adrenocepter gene is associated with susceptibility to bacterial meningitis in adults. Acta Neuropathol. [No authors listed.] A landmark randomized clinical study on adjunctive dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis. Piet, J. R. et al. Koedel, U. et al. Although at least 94 pneumococcal serotypes have been identified, the currently available 10-valent and 13-valent vaccine formulations cover the serotypes that cause ≥70% of cases in most areas of the world18. Los adultos pueden alcanzar un estado grave en el plazo de 24 horas, y los niños incluso antes. However, there is still no direct in vivo evidence (for example, no studies using microglia depletion models) to support the involvement of these cell types in brain pathology due to meningitis. Dis. Dis. 86, 26–29 (1997). EBioMedicine 3, 93–99 (2016). Pneumococcal meningitis typically does not occur in outbreaks, although periods of hyperendemicity (that is, of high and continuous incidence) caused by serotype 1 pneumococcus have been observed in Burkina Faso and Ghana, with high case fatality rates of >40%20. 21, 2063–2066 (2015). Population-based surveillance of Neisseria meningitidis antimicrobial resistance in the United States. Curr. Given the high mortality of acute bacterial meningitis, treatment should be started in suspected cases even before the diagnosis can be confirmed109. Bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso: surveillance using field-based polymerase chain reaction testing. J. Exp. Dis. PLoS Genet. 39, 866–871 (2013). Clinical features and outcome of patients with IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiency. La mayoría de los casos de meningitis concluyen en un plazo de 7 a 10 días. 9, 31–44 (2009). Key words: bacterial meningitis, mortality, acute com-plications. Banerjee, A. et al. Google Scholar. Splenectomized patients are particularly susceptible to infection by capsulated Gram-positive organisms, such as S. suis26. Dis. Spectr.http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0010-2015 (2016). However, the widespread use of the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine led to an increase in pneumococcal diseases caused by bacterial strains that were not covered by the vaccine, a phenomenon known as replacement disease140; whether a similar effect will occur with the 10-valent and 13-valent vaccines remains unclear. Weinberger, D. M. et al. J. Exp. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate three slides at a time, or the slide dot buttons at the end to jump three slides at a time. However, another study showed that adding an aminoglycoside (such as gentamicin) to the treatment was associated with increased rates of kidney injury and mortality155. J. Infect. 10, 262–274 (2010). Added value of PCR-testing for confirmation of invasive meningococcal disease in England. However, most people recover from bacterial meningitis. Krishnan, S., Chen, S., Turcatel, G., Arditi, M. & Prasadarao, N. V. Regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 interaction with Ecgp96 controls Escherichia coli K1 invasion of brain endothelial cells. Clin. Strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin resistance accounted for nearly 12% of strains in 2011 in the United States, although <1% were fully resistant153; however, all isolates remain susceptible to ceftriaxone, which is, therefore, the empirical antibiotic of choice in suspected meningococcal meningitis. Vaccine 30, 4717–4718 (2012). Vaccine recommendations of the ACIP: menincococcal ACIP vaccine recommendations. Dis. Certain ethnic groups have been shown to have higher rates of bacterial meningitis; for example, American Indian and Alaska Native children have higher Hib meningitis rates than the general US population32. 62, 593–604 (2003). Clin. Neuroeng. The specificity of a multiplex PCR approach simultaneously detecting S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae DNA was generally high (95–100% for all microorganisms)124. J. Neurol. Dis. The relative role of bacterial cell wall and capsule in the induction of inflammation in pneumococcal meningitis. In this Primer, we provide an overview of community-acquired bacterial meningitis, focusing on the epidemiology, disease mechanisms, diagnosis, screening, prevention and management. Trends Microbiol. and C.G.W. Reported case fatality rates are high and vary with patient age, causative pathogen and country income5,8. Pneumococcal meningitis is in general more common than meningococcal meningitis in children <5 years of age and in the elderly (≥65 years of age), whereas meningococcal meningitis is more frequent among older children, adolescents and young adults11. Immun. The pathophysiological mechanisms of bacterial meningitis are complex. Ecgp96 also forms complexes with TLR2 and type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR)67,68. Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper — 2012 — recommendations. 6, Núm.1 ,Enero-Marzo 2013, pp 18-21 Prenatal 420mg en 84 ml Universidad Central del Ecuador EVIDENCIA Producto de Med. ); Outlook (D.v.d.B. Microbiol. USA 100, 1966–1971 (2003). Chem. Available evidence suggests that, in high-income countries, dexamethasone treatment should be started with or even before the first dose of antibiotics2 and continued for 4 days in both children and adults (although with different dose regimens)2,109. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR9 are highly associated with susceptibility to bacterial meningitis in children. Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Microbes Infect. Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. PLoS ONE 11, e0147765 (2016). Genes Immun. Cells of the arachnoid mater and pia mater are also capable of producing and releasing a vast variety of pro-inflammatory factors upon exposure to N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and E. coli K1 (Ref. Severely immunocompromised patients, such as untreated HIV-positive individuals or patients who have received bone marrow or solid organ transplantation, can develop bacterial meningitis, but might present with only a minimal inflammatory response28,131,132. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2, 16074 (2016). All authors listed are in alphabetical order except for D.v.d.B. Open Forum Infect. In addition to LR, the immunoglobulin superfamily member CD147 is a crucial host receptor for the primary attachment of N. meningitidis. Kim, B. J. et al. Acta Paediatr. Lancet Infect. CAS  Dis. Certain serotypes or serogroups of the leading pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis have been shown to have a higher ability to cause severe disease than others. Finally, besides coping with host defence mechanisms, to survive in the bloodstream, microbial invaders have to exploit the host iron pool. Blood-borne pathogen invasion is assumed to be the main route of subarachnoid space entry; this multistep process involves mucosal colonization followed by invasion, survival and replication of the bacteria in the bloodstream and eventual traversal of the blood–brain barrier. The surface protein HvgA mediates group B streptococcus hypervirulence and meningeal tropism in neonates. 42, 772–776 (2010). Es una causa importante de meningitis bacteriana en adultos. & van de Beek, D. Bacterial meningitis in adults after splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Google Scholar. Acta Neuropathol. Pelkonen, T. et al. Pediatr. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in the Netherlands, 2006–14: a prospective cohort study. Schaper, M. et al. Mitja, O. et al. Selective and genetic constraints on pneumococcal serotype switching. Crit. In several countries, such as the United Kingdom and Spain, PCR has become the standard (if not the only) method for confirmation of meningococcal disease126,127. Bacteria can reach the subarachnoid space through the bloodstream or through the spread of infections from contiguous sites, such as the paranasal sinuses or mastoid of the inner ear. 61, 605–613 (2002). The 13-valent vaccine prevented invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia caused by the covered serotypes among the elderly population in a large clinical trial134. Roed, C. et al. Occasionally, CT scanning can provide important direction for treatment. Lancet 386, 743–800 (2015). 88, 571–578 (2013). Microbiol. 21, 447–453 (2014). In animal models of the disease, the occurrence and degree of neuronal apoptosis depend on multiple factors, such as the age, strain and species of the animal used as well as the causative pathogen97–99. Dis. INTRODUCCIÓN La meningitis bacteriana es una enfer-medad grave de distribución universal que afecta individuos de todas las edades y especialmente a los niños. Bacterial meningitis is serious. Johswich, K. O. et al. BMC Infect. Neurosci. Rev. Adriani, K. S., Brouwer, M. C., van der Ende, A. In addition to the capsule, an array of bacterial surface molecules target specific complement components to reduce complement-mediated bacterial clearance49 (Fig. Genet. Koedel, U., Klein, M. & Pfister, H. W. New understandings on the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Lancet Infect. 23, 217–223 (2010). Natl Acad. Dis. Care 13, 217–227 (2010). 354, 44–53 (2006). Activation of the complement cascade. La meningitis es una infección caracterizada por la inflamación de las meninges [5] (leptomeninges) que en el 80 % de los casos es causada por virus, en el 15 al 20 % lo es por bacterias y en el resto de los casos se debe a intoxicaciones, hongos, medicamentos y otras enfermedades. By contrast, no significant differences in the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampus were detected between patients with meningitis and control patients in a more recent study94. Genes Immun. Ali, Y. M. et al. Role of caspase-1 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis: evidence from pharmacologic caspase inhibition and caspase-1-deficient mice. (Lond.) Read, R. C. Neisseria meningitidis ; clones, carriage, and disease. Dis. Sheldon, J. R., Laakso, H. A. Lancet 380, 1684–1692 (2012). 5, 298–302 (1999). 13, 358 (2013). Protein expression pattern in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In these groups, amoxicillin or ampicillin should be added to the empirical therapy, as cephalosporins have no activity against Listeria spp.143. J. Med. An analysis of the predictive value of initial observations. A pesar del diag-nóstico precoz y del tratamiento antibióti- Depending on the setting, malaria, arboviral infections, HIV-related and parasitic infections of the CNS and mumps should be considered. Orihuela, C. J. et al. 5). N. Engl. Clin. La meningitis puede ser viral o bacteriana, sepamos más sobre esta enfermedad PRENSA 20 ago, 2018 49944 La viral es la forma más común. Although the risk of nosocomial meningitis in patients with basilar skull fracture is high3, antibiotic prophylaxis has shown no clear benefit in these patients3. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve the brain cortex and parenchyma. Hoegen, T. et al. 24, 307–315 (2016). Algunas bacterias y virus son más comunes en ciertos grupos de edades que en otros, incluidos los siguientes: Bacterias que pueden causar meningitis (meningitis bacteriana): En los recién nacidos y en los bebés pequeños, las bacterias más comunes incluyen las siguientes: The gold standard for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is CSF culture, which is positive in 50–90% of patients (although the yield is lower when CSF is collected once antibiotic treatment has started) depending on the causative pathogen8. Coureuil, M., Bourdoulous, S., Marullo, S. & Nassif, X. Invasive meningococcal disease: a disease of the endothelial cells. 345, 1727–1733 (2001). La enfermedad es bastante común; anualmente se registran entre 500 y 700 casos en el Estado de Nueva York. Dis. Neurol. 11, e1005095 (2015). 15, 870–881 (2013). Typical CSF and serum characteristics that are assessed in the diagnosis of bacterial, viral and tuberculous meningitis are provided in Table 2. Reduction of meningeal macrophages does not decrease migration of granulocytes into the CSF and brain parenchyma in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. A nationwide prospective study on the epidemiology, clinical features and outcome of bacterial meningitis in the Netherlands in 2006–2014. Mayo Clin. Lundbo, L. F. et al. Dis. N. Engl. Richter, S. S. et al. La meningitis puede afectar a bebés, niños y adultos. van de Beek, D. et al. PMID: 21089719 Abstract Neonatal bacterial meningitis (NM) continues to be a serious disease with an unchanging rate of adverse outcome of 20-60%, despite a worldwide decline in mortality. Neurol. Polfliet, M. M. et al. Eur. Cell. 64, 416–423 (2009). Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998–2007. The epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis is changing as prevention measures become increasingly used4. Chiavolini, D., Pozzi, G. & Ricci, S. Animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease. Dunstan, S. J. et al. Further improvements in the outcome are likely to come from dampening the host inflammatory response and implementing preventive measures, especially the development of new vaccines. Infect. The middle layer is the arachnoid, a weblike structure containing the fluid and blood vessels covering the surface of the . Invest. La meningitis viral es una infección de las meninges (una membrana delgada que cubre el cerebro y la médula espinal) producto de la acción de uno de muchos virus. Article  Plaque formation is accompanied by the local stimulation of actin polymerization, resulting in the formation of membrane protrusions that protect bacterial colonies from the complement-mediated lysis and opsonophagocytosis in the blood. Dis. 2, 504–516 (2006). 45, 1277–1286 (2007). CAS  Article  Additionally, ventilator assistance, kidney dialysis or other supportive treatments may be needed. Per definition, bacterial meningitis is an infection of the CSF-filled subarachnoid space. PubMed Central  Furthermore, trials introducing Hib vaccination in developing countries (for example, Chile, Uruguay and the Gambia), where meningitis rates are the highest, have yielded promising results. Once the bacteria reach the bloodstream, they have to withstand the bactericidal environment of the blood. Dis. Neurology 70, 2109–2115 (2008). Hsu, H. E. et al. Child. By contrast, vaccines that target N. meningitidis serogroup B are made with protein antigens. Mid-sagittal view of the brain showing the meninges: the dura mater, the subarachnoid mater and the pia mater. La meningitis es una inflamación de las membranas que recubren el cerebro y la médula espinal y se debe a diferentes factores, los cuales pueden ser bacterias, parásitos, hongos, virus y . Auburtin, M. et al. & van de Beek, D. Genetic variation and cerebrospinal fluid levels of mannose binding lectin in pneumococcal meningitis patients. Dis. JAMA 262, 2700–2707 (1989). Damaged bacterial cells can release alarm signals (so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)), including myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which can fuel inflammation by interacting with PRRs, such as TLR4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Furthermore, other genetic variations have recently been linked to predisposition to pneumococcal disease (for example, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NFKBIA (which encodes nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor-α (IκBα)), or deficiencies in IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) as well as myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88)) and meningococcal disease (for example, SNPs in pattern recognition receptor (PRR) genes, such as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9))29,39–41. Fever and seizures affect <40% and <35% of infected babies, respectively109. In March 2008, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) revised the susceptibility breakpoints of penicillin against S. pneumoniae. J. Biol. Rep. 6, 29351 (2016). In cell culture experiments, NLRP3 activation was induced through pore-building bacterial toxins, such as pneumolysin (Ply)83,84. In a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis, C5a deficiency was associated with a drastic reduction in CSF pleocytosis and brain cytokine production88. Infect. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype-2 childhood meningitis in Bangladesh: a newly recognized pneumococcal infection threat. Microbiol. Black, S., Pizza, M., Nissum, M. & Rappuoli, R. Toward a meningitis-free world. & Quagliarello, V. J. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. A complement C5 gene mutation, c.754G>A:p. A252T, is common in the Western Cape, South Africa and found to be homozygous in seven percent of Black African meningococcal disease cases. Microbiol. Other contraindications for immediate lumbar puncture are coagulation disorders, septic shock and respiratory failure2. The overall rates of community-acquired bacterial meningitis caused by specific aetiologies in Africa remain unclear owing to a lack of diagnostic tools. Blood–brain barrier invasion by group B Streptococcus depends upon proper cell-surface anchoring of lipoteichoic acid. Regarding the pathogens, multilocus sequence typing of N. meningitidis has demonstrated that strains associated with asymptomatic carriage are highly genetically diverse, as the bacterial genome undergoes horizontal gene exchange and recombinant events while the bacteria colonize the nasopharynx, whereas only a limited number of genotypes, known as hyperinvasive lineages, are linked with invasive disease11,42. Nat. Temperature triggers immune evasion by Neisseria meningitidis. Dis. This process in N. meningitidis includes the pilus components PilE and PilV, which mediate bacterial adhesion by interacting with the immunoglobulin superfamily member CD147 on the host endothelial cells62. Adjuvant glycerol and/or dexamethasone to improve the outcomes of childhood bacterial meningitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Guidelines recommend suspending dexamethasone treatment if the bacterial meningitis diagnosis is not confirmed or if the causative pathogen is other than H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae (although some experts advise dexamethasone to be continued irrespective of the meningeal pathogen)109. Es la inflamación de las membranas que recubren el cerebro y la médula espinal; sus agentes causales pueden ser bacterias, parásitos, hongos, virus, ciertos medicamentos o tumores. Neurol. Maruvada, R. & Kim, K. S. IbeA and OmpA of Escherichia coli K1 exploit Rac1 activation for invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Serotype 2, a non-vaccine serotype, recently emerged as a common cause of pneumococcal meningitis among children in Bangladesh19. J. Biol. Most cases of meningitis result from infections that are contagious. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? La meningitis. Dis. For example, PCR is especially useful in patients who started antibiotic treatment before the lumbar puncture, as in these individuals, CSF and blood cultures are often negative. With respect to S. pneumoniae, the seminal studies involved the injection of pneumococcal cell wall components into the CSF of laboratory animals to provoke clinical signs of meningitis78,79. 61, S410–S415 (2015). Google Scholar. 4). Transl Med. Int. acute complications of bacterial meningitis. Agarwal, S., Vasudhev, S., DeOliveira, R. B. Host–pathogen interactions in bacterial meningitis. Association between mannose binding lectin polymorphisms and predisposition to bacterial meningitis. 67, 1113–1121 (2008). Bekker, V., Bijlsma, M. W., van de Beek, D., Kuijpers, T. W. & van der Ende, A. Neurol. Because of the variable geographical distribution of penicillin resistance, it is important to know the regional patterns when deciding on local empirical antibiotic therapy143. Curr. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, nausea, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Cerebral vasculature is the major target of oxidative protein alterations in bacterial meningitis. Agents Chemother. meningitis requires close monitoring in the hospital and treatment with medicines. Molecular epidemiology of bacterial strains is key: whole-genome sequencing has been highly valuable in tracking the emergence, virulence and pathophysiology of these bacterial agents188–190. Examples of first-line and alternative antibiotic therapies for bacterial meningitis based on the causative pathogen and its in vitro susceptibility test. El tratamiento, orientado a aliviar los síntomas, incluye reposo, líquidos y toma de medicamentos . Infect. Clinical recognition of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents. Brouwer, M. C., Read, R. C. & van de Beek, D. Host genetics and outcome in meningococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Furthermore, some patients seem to be refractory to treatment and their condition can escalate to a major systemic infection. Adjunctive dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Infect. Furthermore, one systematic assessment of the development of early symptoms in children and adolescents with meningococcal disease (including sepsis) in the United Kingdom showed that rash, impaired consciousness and the other typical meningitis signs develop late in the pre-hospital illness, if at all, implicating that physicians should be aware that early recognition of bacterial meningitis can be difficult111. In addition, sialylated capsular polysaccharides of group B streptococci can engage inhibitory receptors, such as sialic acid-recognizing immunoglobulin superfamily lectin 9 (Siglec9) on host leukocytes, thereby downregulating their immune responsiveness54. Classic abnormalities of the CSF in bacterial meningitis include pleocytosis (mainly of polymorphic leukocytes), low glucose concentration and increased protein levels117, which are signs of a self-propelling inflammatory response in the subarachnoid space caused by the accelerating bacterial growth.
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